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late 14c., resolucioun, “a breaking or reducing into parts; process of breaking up, dissolution,” from Old French resolution (14c.) and directly from Latin resolutionem (nominative resolutio) “process of reducing things into simpler forms,” noun of action from past participle stem of resolvere “to loosen” (see resolve (v.)).

From the notion of “process of resolving or reducing a non-material thing into simpler forms” (late 14c.) as a method of problem-solving comes the sense of “a solving” (as of mathematical problems), recorded by 1540s, as is that of “power of holding firmly, character of acting with a fixed purpose” (compare resolute (adj.)). The meaning “steadfastness of purpose” is by 1580s. The meaning “effect of an optical instrument in rendering component parts of objects distinguishable” is by 1860. In Middle English it also could mean “a paraphrase” (as a breaking up and rearranging of a text or translation). 

In mid-15c. it also meant “frame of mind,” often implying a pious or moral determination. By 1580s as “a statement upon some matter;” hence “formal decision or expression of a meeting or assembly,” c. 1600. New Year’s resolution in reference to a specific intention to better oneself is from at least the 1780s, and through 19c. they generally were of a pious nature.

In common law jurisdictions like England and Wales, Australia,^[1] Canada, and Ireland, a freehold is the common ownership of real property, or land,^[a] and all immovable structures attached to such land. It is in contrast to a leasehold: in which the property reverts to the owner of the land after the lease period expires or otherwise lawfully terminates.^[3] For an estate to be a freehold, it must possess two qualities: immobility (property must be land or some interest issuing out of or annexed to land) and ownership of it must be forever (“of an indeterminate duration”). If the time of ownership can be fixed and determined, it cannot be a freehold. It is “An estate in land held in fee simple, fee tail or for term of life.”^[4]

The default position subset is the perpetual freehold, which is “an estate given to a grantee for life, and then successively to the grantee’s heirs for life.”^[4]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_(law)

“inflicting or involving punishment,” 1620s, from French punitif (16c.) or directly from Medieval Latin punitivus, from Latin punitus, past participle of punire “to punish, correct, chastise” (see punish).

1570s, “a ruling authority’s pardon of past offenses,” from French amnistie “intentional overlooking” (16c.), from Latin amnestia, from Greek amnestia “forgetfulness (especially of wrong); an amnesty,” from amnestos “forgotten; forgetful,” from a- “not” (see a- (3)) + mnestis “remembrance,” which is related to mnaomai “I remember,” from PIE root *men- (1) “to think.”

Usually specifically of pardons or offers of pardon for a class of offenses against a government. As a verb from 1809. The non-governmental organization Amnesty International was founded 1961 to call attention to the plight of prisoners of conscience, as Appeal for Amnesty; the name was changed 1963.

Sovereign as a Nation.

City = Township = Municipality = Bureau = Public Utilities
all private corporations

Charter and mission statement is to provide a service for the Public

Municipal = Town Hall meetings, Dept of Taxation
Police Officers are hired by the municipality
Private Security Guards for municipality (compensation).

municipal (adj.)
“of or pertaining to the local self-government or corporation of a city or town,” 1540s, from French municipal, from Latin municipalis “pertaining to a citizen of a free town, of a free town,” also “of a petty town, provincial,” from municipium “community, municipality, free town, city whose citizens have the privileges of Roman citizens but are governed by their own laws,” from municeps “native, citizen, inhabitant of a free town.”

The second element is -cipere, combining form of capere “assume, take,” from PIE root *kap- “to grasp.” The first element is from munus (plural munia) “service performed for the community, duty, work,” also “public spectacle paid for by the magistrate, (gladiatorial) entertainment, gift,” from Old Latin moenus “service, duty, burden,” from Proto-Italic *moini-, *moinos- “duty, obligation, task,” from PIE root *mei- (1) “to change, go, move,” with derivatives referring to the exchange of goods and functions or obligations within a society as regulated by custom or law.

As cognates in related senses, de Vaan lists Sanskrit meni- “revenge,” Avestan maeini- “punishment, castigation,” Old Persian yau-maini- “power of revenge,” Middle Welsh tramwy, tremynu “to cross, pass,” Old Irish moin “value, treasure,” Welsh mwyn “value,” Lithuanian mainas “exchange,” Old Church Slavonic mena “exchange, substitution,” Gothic gamains, Old High German gimeins “common.” “A municeps is one who ‘takes an obligation,’ communis ‘who partakes in the duties'” [de Vaan]

municipality (n.)
“town or city having corporate privileges of local self-government,” 1789, from French municipalité, from municipal (see municipal).

Stare Decisis

Principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a courtA precedent is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive without going to courts for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts. Common-law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according …

Res Judicata
Res judicata (RJ) or res iudicata, also known as claim preclusion, is the Latin term for “a matter decided” and refers to either of two concepts in both civil law and common law legal systems: a case in which there has been a final judgment and is no longer subject to appeal; and the legal …

mid-15c., vaunt garde, from an Anglo-French variant of Old French avant-garde, from avant “in front” (see avant) + garde “guard” (see guard (n.)). Communist revolutionary sense is recorded from 1928.