Author: iamking

c. 1300, “position of a prince,” from Old French principalite “principal matter; power, sovereignty” (12c., Modern French principauté), from Late Latin principalitatem (nominative principalitas), from principalis (see principal (adj.)). Meaning “region or state ruled by a prince” is attested from c. 1400.

c. 1300, “a coming for the purpose of attack,” from Old French venue “coming” (12c.), from fem. past participle of venir “to come,” from Latin venire “to come,” from PIE root *gwa- “to go, come.” The sense of “place where a case in law is tried” is first recorded 1530s. Extended to locality in general, especially “site of a concert or sporting event” (1857). Change of venue is from Blackstone (1768).

1680s, “pledge (something) without giving up control of it; pawn; mortgage,” from hypothecat-, past participle stem of Medieval Latin hypothecare, from Late Latin hypotheca “a pledge,” from Greek hypotheke “a deposit, pledge, mortgage,” from hypo- “beneath, under” (see hypo-) + tithenai “to put, to place,” from reduplicated form of PIE root *dhe- “to set, put.” Related: Hypothecated; hypothecating; hypothecation; hypothecary.

1530s, “an agreement on specified terms;” 1570s, “articles of agreement;” from Middle French capitulation, noun of action from capituler “agree on specified terms,” from Medieval Latin capitulare “to draw up in heads or chapters,” hence “arrange conditions,” from capitulum “chapter,” in classical Latin “heading,” literally “a little head,” diminutive of caput (genitive capitis) “head” (from PIE root *kaput- “head”). From 1640s in narrowed sense “the making of terms of surrender; a yielding to an enemy upon stipulated terms.”

1590s, “to draw up a writing in chapters or articles” (i.e., under “headings”), in part a back-formation from capitulation (q.v.), in part from Medieval Latin capitulatus, past participle of capitulare “to draw up in heads or chapters,” hence “arrange conditions,” from capitulum “chapter,” in classical Latin “heading,” literally “a little head,” diminutive of caput (genitive capitis) “head” (from PIE root *kaput- “head”).

Often of terms of surrender, and thus it came to mean “to yield to an enemy on stipulated terms” (1680s). Related: Capitulated; capitulating. Compare chapter.

also linch-pin, “peg that holds a wheel on an axle” (now mainly figurative), late 14c., a corruption of linspin, literally “axle-pin,” from pin (n.) + from Middle English lins “axle,” from Proto-Germanic *luniso (source also of Old Saxon lunisa, Middle Dutch lunse, Dutch luns, German Lünse), a word of uncertain origin.

late 15c., contenauncen, “to behave or act (as if),” from countenance (n.). Sense of “to favor, appear friendly to, patronize” is from 1560s, from notion of “to look upon with sanction or smiles.” Related: Countenanced; countenancing.

mid-13c., contenaunce, “behavior, bearing, conduct, manners;” early 14c., “outward appearance, looks,” from Old French contenance “demeanor, bearing, conduct,” from Latin continentia “restraint, abstemiousness, moderation,” literally “way one contains oneself,” from continentem, present participle of continere “to hold together, enclose,” from assimilated form of com “with, together” (see con-) + tenere “to hold,” from PIE root *ten- “to stretch.”

The meaning evolved in late Middle English from “appearance” to “facial expression betraying or expressing a state of mind,” to “the face” itself. Hence also, figuratively, “aspect imparted to anything.”

1730, “dead person,” now mostly as a term in U.S. law, from Latin decedentem, present participle of decedere “to die, to depart” (see decease (n.)).

1610s (n.) “one who receives profits or advantages,” 1620s (adj.) “connected with the receipt of profits or advantages,” probably via French bénéficiaire, from Latin beneficiarius “enjoying a favor, privileged,” from beneficium “a favor, service, generosity, kindness, benefit,” from beneficus “generous, kind, benevolent, obliging,” from bene- “good, well” (see bene-) + -ficus “making, doing,” from -ficere, combining form of facere “to do, to make” (from PIE root *dhe- “to set, put”).