Month: July 2021

1570s, “a ruling authority’s pardon of past offenses,” from French amnistie “intentional overlooking” (16c.), from Latin amnestia, from Greek amnestia “forgetfulness (especially of wrong); an amnesty,” from amnestos “forgotten; forgetful,” from a- “not” (see a- (3)) + mnestis “remembrance,” which is related to mnaomai “I remember,” from PIE root *men- (1) “to think.”

Usually specifically of pardons or offers of pardon for a class of offenses against a government. As a verb from 1809. The non-governmental organization Amnesty International was founded 1961 to call attention to the plight of prisoners of conscience, as Appeal for Amnesty; the name was changed 1963.

Sovereign as a Nation.

City = Township = Municipality = Bureau = Public Utilities
all private corporations

Charter and mission statement is to provide a service for the Public

Municipal = Town Hall meetings, Dept of Taxation
Police Officers are hired by the municipality
Private Security Guards for municipality (compensation).

municipal (adj.)
“of or pertaining to the local self-government or corporation of a city or town,” 1540s, from French municipal, from Latin municipalis “pertaining to a citizen of a free town, of a free town,” also “of a petty town, provincial,” from municipium “community, municipality, free town, city whose citizens have the privileges of Roman citizens but are governed by their own laws,” from municeps “native, citizen, inhabitant of a free town.”

The second element is -cipere, combining form of capere “assume, take,” from PIE root *kap- “to grasp.” The first element is from munus (plural munia) “service performed for the community, duty, work,” also “public spectacle paid for by the magistrate, (gladiatorial) entertainment, gift,” from Old Latin moenus “service, duty, burden,” from Proto-Italic *moini-, *moinos- “duty, obligation, task,” from PIE root *mei- (1) “to change, go, move,” with derivatives referring to the exchange of goods and functions or obligations within a society as regulated by custom or law.

As cognates in related senses, de Vaan lists Sanskrit meni- “revenge,” Avestan maeini- “punishment, castigation,” Old Persian yau-maini- “power of revenge,” Middle Welsh tramwy, tremynu “to cross, pass,” Old Irish moin “value, treasure,” Welsh mwyn “value,” Lithuanian mainas “exchange,” Old Church Slavonic mena “exchange, substitution,” Gothic gamains, Old High German gimeins “common.” “A municeps is one who ‘takes an obligation,’ communis ‘who partakes in the duties'” [de Vaan]

municipality (n.)
“town or city having corporate privileges of local self-government,” 1789, from French municipalité, from municipal (see municipal).

Stare Decisis

Principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a courtA precedent is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive without going to courts for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts. Common-law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according …

Res Judicata
Res judicata (RJ) or res iudicata, also known as claim preclusion, is the Latin term for “a matter decided” and refers to either of two concepts in both civil law and common law legal systems: a case in which there has been a final judgment and is no longer subject to appeal; and the legal …

mid-15c., vaunt garde, from an Anglo-French variant of Old French avant-garde, from avant “in front” (see avant) + garde “guard” (see guard (n.)). Communist revolutionary sense is recorded from 1928.

1826-1948

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-American-conferences

The Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons is a 1954 United Nations multilateral treaty that aims to protect stateless individuals.

The United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights were approved on 10 December 1948. Of significance, the Declaration at Article 15 affirms that:

1. Everyone has the right to a nationality.
2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees was promulgated on 28 July 1951. Despite an original intention, it did not include any content about the status of stateless persons and there was no protocol regarding measures to effect the reduction of statelessness.

On 26 April 1954, ECOSOC adopted a Resolution to convene a Conference of Plenipotentiaries to “regulate and improve the status of stateless persons by an international agreement”.

The ensuing Conference adopted the Convention on 28 September 1954.

The Convention entered into force on 6 June 1960.

https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/wp-content/uploads/1954-Convention-relating-to-the-Status-of-Stateless-Persons_ENG.pdf

mid-13c., “portable sanctuary carried by the Israelites in the wilderness,” from Old French tabernacle “the Jewish Tabernacle; tent, canopy; tomb, monument” (12c.), from Latin tabernaculum “tent,” especially “a tent of an augur” (for taking observations), diminutive of taberna “hut, cabin, booth” (see tavern).

Use of the word in English transferred late 14c. to the Temple in Jerusalem (which continued its function). Sense of “house of worship” first recorded 1690s. Also in Biblical language, “the body as the temporary abode of the soul” (late 14c.). The Old Testament Jewish Feast of Tabernacles (mid-October) was observed as a thanksgiving for harvest. This was rendered in English c. 1400 as Feste of Logges (“lodges”). Related: Tabernacular.