Month: July 2020

cunning (n.)

c. 1300, conninge, “knowledge, understanding, information, learning,” a sense now obsolete, verbal noun from connen, cunnen “to have ability or capacity,” from Old English cunnan (see can v.1). By mid-14c. as “ability to understand, intelligence; wisdom, prudence;” sense of “cleverness, shrewdness, practical skill in a secret or crafty manner” is by late 14c. 

cunning (adj.)


early 14c., conning, “learned, skillful, possessing knowledge,” present participle of connen, cunnen “to know,” from Old English cunnan (see can (v.1)), from PIE root *gno- “to know.” Also compare cun (v.). Sense of “skillfully deceitful, characterized by crafty ingenuity” is probably by late 14c. Related: Cunningly.

Libertarianism

Libertarianism (from Latin: libertas, meaning “freedom”), or libertarism (from French: libertaire, meaning “libertarian”), is a political philosophy and movement that upholds liberty as a core principle.[1] Libertarians seek to maximize political freedom and autonomy, emphasizing individualism, freedom of choice and voluntary association.[2] Libertarians share a skepticism of authority and state power, but they diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing economic and political systems. Various schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private power, often calling for the restriction or dissolution of coercive social institutions. Different categorizations have been used to distinguish various forms of libertarianism.[3][4] This is done to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital, usually along left–right or socialist–capitalist lines.[5]

Libertarianism originated as a form of left-wing politics such as anti-authoritarian and anti-state socialists like anarchists,[6] especially social anarchists,[7] but more generally libertarian communists/Marxists and libertarian socialists.[8][9] Those libertarians seek to abolish capitalism and private ownership of the means of production, or else to restrict their purview or effects to usufruct property norms, in favor of common or cooperative ownership and management, viewing private property as a barrier to freedom and liberty.[10][11][12][13]

Left-libertarian[14][15][16][17][18] ideologies include anarchist schools of thought, alongside many other anti-paternalist, New Left schools of thought centered around economic egalitarianism as well as geolibertarianism, green politics, market-oriented left-libertarianism and the Steiner–Vallentyne school.[14][17][19][20][21] In the mid-20th century, right-libertarian[15][18][22][23] ideologies such as anarcho-capitalism and minarchism co-opted[8][24] the term libertarian to advocate laissez-faire capitalism and strong private property rights such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources.[25] The latter is the dominant form of libertarianism in the United States,[23] where it advocates civil liberties,[26] natural law,[27] free-market capitalism[28][29] and a major reversal of the modern welfare state.[30]

alien (adj.)


c. 1300, “strange, foreign,” from Old French alien “strange, foreign;” as a noun, “an alien, stranger, foreigner,” from Latin alienus “of or belonging to another, not one’s own, foreign, strange,” also, as a noun, “a stranger, foreigner,” adjective from alius (adv.) “another, other, different,” from PIE root *al- (1) “beyond.”

Meaning “residing in a country not of one’s birth” is from mid-15c. Sense of “wholly different in nature” is from 1670s. Meaning “not of this Earth” first recorded 1920. An alien priory (c. 1500) is one owing obedience to a mother abbey in a foreign country.

EBITDA

Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization

A company’s earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization is an accounting measure calculated using a company’s earnings, before interest expenses, taxes, depreciation, and amortization are subtracted, as a proxy for a company’s current operating profitability. Though often shown on an income statement, it is not considered part of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles by the SEC.

A company‘s earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (commonly abbreviated EBITDA,[1] pronounced /iːbɪtˈdɑː/,[2] /əˈbɪtdɑː/,[3] or /ˈɛbɪtdɑː/[4]) is an accounting measure calculated using a company’s earnings, before interest expenses, taxes, depreciation, and amortization are subtracted, as a proxy for a company’s current operating profitability (i.e., how much profit it makes with its present assets and its operations on the products it produces and sells, as well as providing a proxy for cash flow).

Though often shown on an income statement, it is not considered part of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) by the SEC.[5]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings_before_interest%2C_taxes%2C_depreciation%2C_and_amortization

IRS Code 26 USC 7701.01(a)Legal entities:1. corporations2. trusts3. partnerships4. sole proprietorshipsSeven classes of legal persons:5. association6. estate7. company
What defines each of these and distinguishes each from the other as well as determines how the system deals with them is the schematic defining how the currency flows in the circuitry.