Colors Red, White & Blue = Egypt
c. 1600, “declare;” 1640s, “vindicate, maintain, or defend by words or measures,” from Latin assertus, past participle of asserere/adserere “to claim, lay claim to, appropriate,” from ad “to” (see ad-) + serere “to join together, put in a row” (from PIE root *ser- (2) “to line up”). Related: Asserted; asserting. To assert oneself “stand up for one’s rights or authority” is recorded from 1879.
In the Hebrew Bible, the word elohim (Hebrew: אֱלֹהִים [ʔɛloːˈhim]) sometimes refers to a single deity, particularly (but not always) the Jewish God,[1][2] at other times it refers to deities in the plural.[1][2]
The word is identical to the usual plural form of the word el, which means gods or magistrates, and it is cognate to the word ‘l-h-m which is found in Ugaritic, where it is used as the pantheon for Canaanite gods, the children of El, and conventionally vocalized as “Elohim”. Most uses of the term Elohim in the later Hebrew text imply a view that is at least monolatrist at the time of writing, and such usage (in the singular), as a proper title for the supreme deity, is generally not considered to be synonymous with the term elohim, “gods” (plural, simple noun). Rabbinic scholar Maimonides wrote that the various other usages are commonly understood to be homonyms.[3]
The notion of divinity underwent radical changes in the early period of Israelite identity and development of Ancient Hebrew religion. The ambiguity of the term elohim is the result of such changes, cast in terms of “vertical translatability”, i.e. the re-interpretation of the gods of the earliest recalled period as the national god of monolatrism as it emerged in the 7th to 6th century BCE in the Kingdom of Judah and during the Babylonian captivity, and further in terms of monotheism by the emergence of Rabbinical Judaism in the 2nd century CE.[4]
19
38
57
1hour = 3 hours
19 seconds = 1 minute
19 minutes = 1 hour
Appalachian
attribute
name = nom
60 seconds
6+0=6
60 minutes
6+0=6
24 hours
2+4= 6
6+6+6=18
6+6+6=18
18= bondage
BRICS is the acronym coined for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Originally the first four were grouped as “BRIC” (or “the BRICs”), before the induction of South Africa in 2010.[1] The BRICS members are known for their significant influence on regional affairs; all are members of G20.[2] Since 2009, the BRICS nations have met annually at formal summits. China hosted the 9th BRICS summit in Xiamen on September 2017,[3] while Brazil hosted the most recent 11th BRICS summit on 13-14 November 2019.
In 2015, the five BRICS countries represented over 3.1 billion people, or about 41% of the world population; four out of five members (excluding South Africa at #24) were in the top 10 of the world by population. As of 2018, these five nations had a combined nominal GDP of US$18.6 trillion, about 23.2% of the gross world product, a combined GDP (PPP) of around US$40.55 trillion (32% of World’s GDP PPP), and an estimated US$4.46 trillion in combined foreign reserves.[4][5] The BRICS have received both praise and criticism from numerous commentators.[6][7][8] Bilateral relations among BRICS nations are conducted mainly on the basis of non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.[9]
Fiat money is government-issued currency that is not backed by a physical commodity, such as gold or silver, but rather by the government that issued it. The value of fiat money is derived from the relationship between supply and demand and the stability of the issuing government, rather than the worth of a commodity backing it as is the case for commodity money. Most modern paper currencies are fiat currencies, including the U.S. dollar, the euro and other major global currencies.
The word “fiat” comes from the Latin and is often translated as the decree “it shall be” or “let it be done.”
Fiat money only has value because the government maintains that value, or because two parties in a transaction agree on its value.
Historically, governments would mint coins out of a valuable physical commodity, such as gold or silver, or print paper money that could be redeemed for a set amount of a physical commodity. Fiat money is inconvertible and cannot be redeemed.
Most modern paper currencies, including the U.S. dollar, are fiat money.
Because fiat money is not linked to physical reserves, such as a national stockpile of gold or silver, it risks losing value due to inflation or even becoming worthless in the event of hyperinflation. If people lose faith in a nation’s currency, the money will no longer hold value. That differs from currency backed by gold, for example; it has intrinsic value because of the demand for gold in jewelry and decoration as well as the manufacture of electronic devices, computers and aerospace vehicles.
The U.S. dollar is considered to be both fiat money and legal tender, accepted for private and public debts. Legal tender is basically any currency that a government declares to be legal. Many governments issue a fiat currency, then make it legal tender by setting it as the standard for debt repayment.
Earlier in U.S. history, the country’s currency was backed by gold (and in some cases, silver). The federal government stopped allowing citizens to exchange currency for government gold with the passage of the Emergency Banking Act of 1933. The gold standard, which backed U.S. currency with federal gold, ended completely in 1971, when the United States also stopped issuing gold to foreign governments in exchange for U.S. currency. Since that time, U.S. dollars are known to be backed by the “full faith and credit” of the U.S. government, “legal tender for all debts, public and private” but not “redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury or at any Federal Reserve Bank,” as printing on U.S. dollar bills used to claim. In this sense, U.S. dollars are now “legal tender,” rather than “lawful money” which can be exchanged for gold, silver or any other commodity.
Fiat money serves as a good currency if it can handle the roles that a nation’s economy needs of its monetary unit: storing value, providing a numerical account, and facilitating exchange. It also has excellent seigniorage.
Fiat currencies gained prominence in the 20th century in part because governments and central banks sought to insulate their economies from the worst effects of the natural booms and busts of the business cycle. Since fiat money is not a scarce or fixed resource like gold, central banks have much greater control over its supply, which gives them the power to manage economic variables such as credit supply, liquidity, interest rates, and money velocity. For instance, the U.S. Federal Reserve has the dual mandate to keep unemployment and inflation low.
The mortgage crisis of 2007 and subsequent financial meltdown, however, tempered the belief that central banks could necessarily prevent depressions or serious recessions by regulating the money supply. A currency tied to gold, for example, is generally more stable than fiat money because of the limited supply of gold. There are more opportunities for the creation of bubbles with a fiat money due to its unlimited supply.
The African nation of Zimbabwe provided an example of the worst-case scenario in the early 2000s. In response to serious economic problems, the country’s central bank began to print money at a staggering pace. That resulted in hyperinflation, which ran between 230 and 500 billion percent in 2008. Prices rose rapidly and consumers were forced to carry bags of money just to purchase basic staples. At the height of the crisis, 1 trillion Zimbabwean Dollars were worth about 40 cents in U.S. currency.
Letters patent (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, president, or other head of state, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation. Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices, or for the granting of city status or a coat of arms. Letters patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such as governors and governors-general of Commonwealth realms, as well as appointing a Royal Commission. In the United Kingdom they are also issued for the creation of peers of the realm. A particular form of letters patent has evolved into the modern patent (referred to as a utility patent or design patent in United States patent law) granting exclusive rights in an invention (or a design in the case of a design patent). In this case it is essential that the written grant should be in the form of a public document so other inventors can consult it to avoid infringement and also to understand how to “practice” the invention, i.e., put it into practical use. In the Holy Roman Empire, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, imperial patent was also the highest form of generally binding legal regulations, e. g. Patent of Toleration, Serfdom Patent etc.
The opposite of letters patent are letters close (Latin: litterae clausae), which are personal in nature and sealed so that only the recipient can read their contents. Letters patent are thus comparable to other kinds of open letter in that their audience is wide. It is not clear how the contents of letters patent became widely published before collection by the addressee, for example whether they were left after sealing by the king for inspection during a certain period by courtiers in a royal palace, who would disseminate the contents back to the gentry in the shires through normal conversation and social intercourse. Today, for example, it is a convention for the British prime minister to announce that they have left a document they wish to enter the public domain “in the library of the House of Commons”, where it may be freely perused by all members of parliament.
mid-14c., from Old French perpetuel “without end” (12c.) and directly from Latin perpetualis “universal,” in Medieval Latin “permanent,” from perpetuus “continuous, universal,” from perpetis, genitive of Old Latin perpes “lasting,” probably from per “through” (from PIE root *per- (1) “forward,” hence “through”) + root of petere “to seek, go to, aim at” (from PIE root *pet- “to rush, to fly”). Related: Perpetually. Perpetual motion is attested from 1590s.
late 14c., from Old French perpetuité “permanence, duration” (13c., Modern French perpétuité) and directly from Latin perpetuitatem (nominative perpetuitas) “uninterrupted duration, continuity, continuous succession,” from perpetuus (see perpetual).